(Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 2019-10) Dang, Thi Cam Huong, ST; Nguyen, Dinh Phuc, MD
Optimal conditions for hydrodistillation were determined as an extraction time of approximately 60 minutes, a NaCl concentration of 2%, and a water-to-material ratio of 1:15 g/mL, yielding a maximum of 2.19%. For steam distillation, the optimal parameters were 500g of material, an extraction time of about 45 minutes at an evaporation rate of 0.13 ml/s, resulting in a highest yield of 1.57%. In micro-assisted hydrodistillation, the best conditions included an extraction time of approximately 30 minutes, a water-to-material ratio of 1:4 g/mL, and an extraction power of 380W, achieving a maximum yield of 1.4%. GC-MS analysis identified 70 components, constituting 99% of the total composition. The primary compounds in black pepper essential oil were β-caryophyllene, 3-carene, D-limonene, β-pinene, and α-phellandrene.