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Extraction of fennel essential oil (Foeniculum vulgare M.): method, chemical composition, and kinetic model
(Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 2024-08) Cuong, M. Huynh; Danh, H. Pham, MSc.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare M.) is one of the most commonly used and extensively studied medicinal herbs worldwide. Many researchers report multitudinous health benefits. This study used hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) methods to extract fennel essential oil. Parameters affecting the process such as material-to-water ratio, heater power, and distillation time were investigated. Both techniques achieved the highest yield (1.9%) at a material-to-water ratio of 1:6, heater power of 350 W (HD), and 1080 W (MAHD). Under these conditions, the two-site desorption model showed compatibility, i.e., the extraction process included two stages of breaking essential oil particles and diffusing them from plant cells. Chemical composition analysis showed fennel essential oil contained four main components: anethole (58.76%), estragole (26.55%), terpinolene (8.32%), and D-limonene (4.66%). Among them, anethole is the main scent compound of fennel seed oil and exhibits anticancer activity.